Snoring, sleep quality, and sleepiness across attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder subtypes.
LeBourgeois MK, Avis K, Mixon M, Olmi J, Harsh J.
E.P Bradley Hospital Sleep and Chronobiology Research Laboratory, Brown Medical School,
Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior,Providence, RI 02906, USA. monique_lebourgeois@brown.edu
STUDY OBJECTIVES: To characterize the relationship between pediatric attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) subtypes, chronic snoring, and indexes of sleep quality and daytime sleepiness. DESIGN: A cross-sectional design with planned comparisons of ADHD (all subtypes) versus general community controls; ADHD Predominantly Inattentive Type (ADHD-I) versus a group with both ADHD Predominantly Hyperactive/Impulsive Type (ADHD-HI) and ADHD Combined Type (ADHD-C); and ADHD-HI versus ADHD-C. SETTING: Subjects recruited from a pediatric clinic, a university psycholgy clinic, and the general community. PARTICIPANTS: Caretakers of 74 children (45 with ADHD, 29 community controls; 53 boys, 21 girls; mean age, 9.6 years; age range, 6 to 16 years). Thirty-two (71.1%) of the children with ADHD were taking stimulant medication and 7 (15.5%) were taking hypnotic medication. INTERVENTIONS: N/A. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Caretakers completed the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) and the Children's Sleep-Wake Scale (CSWS). Only the ADHD-HI diagnosis was associated with an increased likelihood of chronic snoring. Sleep quality was poorer among children with ADHD than controls; however, there were no differences in sleep quality across ADHD subtypes. Sleepiness was greater in children with ADHD, especially the ADHD-I Type. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic snoring may be a correlated feature in only a subgroup of the ADHD population, possibly those more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD-HI. Although children with ADHD have poorer sleep quality and greater daytime sleepiness, these 2 features of ADHD are not closely related.
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